Only difference is freebasing involves mixing the cocaine with ether, a flammable solvent remember when Richard Pryer lit himself on fire? Crack is one form of freebase cocaine. It manufacture uses the baking soda method; however, the baking soda does not combine with the cocaine, rather, it causes it to precipitate out of solution in a much more potent, crystalline form which has a much lower melting point. This is why is is easier to smoke than powder cocaine. There is no codeine in cocaine or crack or freebase.
The other method uses ammonia and ether to accomplish the same result. However, nobody not even Richard Pryor injects the ether solution. The ether is allowed to evaporate, leaving behind a smokable crystal.
They heat solutions containing ether?! Might I ask that we cease the discussion on how to manufacture crack? However, many believe that crack was created independently on the East Coast.
One theory posits that crack developed on the East Coast as the result of coca paste smoking. In the early s, drug users rediscovered cocaine just as heroin waned in popularity. At the same time, a new method of administering cocaine was becoming popular outside of the United States.
A coca paste smoking epidemic erupted in Peru and the Bahamas during the s and early s. Some social scientists believe that cocaine abuse in Peru and the Caribbean in the late s presaged the United States' coming crack cocaine problem and may have been the precipitating event. During the s in Peru -- a cocaine producing country -- General F. Raul Jeri, M. Jeri found an urban pattern of cocaine abuse among smokers of coca paste.
Smokers were reportedly becoming so obsessed with their smoking that they suffered from malnutrition and ill health and resorted to crime to obtain the drug. Robert Byck of Yale University expressed alarm at the phenomenon and urged "the Federal Government to engage in an educational campaign to prevent a drug abuse epidemic" in the United States. In later testimony before the Senate Subcommittee on Investigations on July 15, , after the crack cocaine crisis had begun here, Dr.
Byck would proclaim that "[t]oday we are in the midst of the predicted epidemic. Just on the heels of the Peruvian crisis was the outbreak of a similar phenomenon in the Bahamas. The cocaine base smoking epidemic in the Bahamas was even more widely reported among social scientists in the United States than the phenomenon in Peru. It represented the first documented nationwide epidemic of freebase cocaine abuse outside of a producer nation.
A well respected medical journal, The Lancet , reported that beginning in , the number of admissions for cocaine abuse to Bahamian psychiatric hospitals increased dramatically: from none in , to 69 in , and to in A DEA report identified the substance that was being smoked in the Bahamas as "crack. James Inciardi, a researcher in the area of illicit drugs, has written several articles on the onset of cocaine base smoking in the Bahamas.
He has asserted that the Bahamian coca paste epidemic was caused by the Colombian government's successful attempt to restrict the sale of ether used to convert coca paste into cocaine hydrochloride in anticipation that it would reduce the domestic production of cocaine hydrochloride. Instead, according to Dr. Inciardi, cocaine producers began shipping unprocessed coca paste to Caribbean and Central American countries in lieu of cocaine hydrochloride.
Inciardi reports that in , coca paste smoking was popular in the Caribbean. According to Dr. Inciardi, immigrants from Jamaica, Trinidad, and locations along the Leeward and Windward Islands introduced the prototype for crack to Caribbean inner-city populations in Miami and New York. Inciardi claimed that coca paste may have been a prototype for crack used in the United States. Although it is not possible to pinpoint a single inventor of crack, it is likely that one of the earliest appearances of crack was in the Caribbean, especially the Bahamas.
From the Caribbean, crack made one of its earliest entries in the United States in Miami sometime in the early s. Around the same time, a similar product called "rock" cocaine began making its appearance in Los Angeles; whether the Los Angeles version of crack had its source in the Caribbean, or represented a simultaneous discovery by a local drug chemist, is not clear. Another theory posits that crack cocaine was an outgrowth of experimentation with freebasing cocaine, a method of administering cocaine that was particularly popular on the West Coast in the s and early s, and coca paste smoking.
Ronald Siegel, a researcher now at UCLA who for two decades researched freebasing practices, has documented crack and freebasing practices. Siegel believes that crack cocaine was imported to the United States in the early s by United States cocaine smugglers who observed coca paste smoking while in South America.
A drug trafficker who was interviewed by Dr. Siegel in reported his experience with coca paste: "[S]moking base is incredibly euphoric, just like shooting it [intravenously]. We don't want too many people knowing about it because it will get out of hand. It's incredibly addicting. But you need a lot of coke to make it, so only dealers will probably do it. Siegel, a mis-translation related to coca paste may have resulted in the unintended creation of freebase.
Siegel was told by an interviewee who was a drug trafficker that in January he told a chemist about smoking "base. The chemist, who reportedly thought that the interviewee was referring to the chemical "base" form of cocaine hydrochloride, attempted to recreate what he thought the interviewee had described, cocaine hydrochloride converted to a base state.
The chemist used baking soda and ether in the conversion process. Siegel believes that chemist may have created something that never had been manufactured before. Siegel stated in an interview with the OIG, if there was a "Johnny Appleseed of crack," it was that chemist. In sum, there is no consensus on how crack was invented or how it spread. However, the fact that it existed in cities on the East Coast in the early s at the same time it did in Los Angeles undermines the theory that the presence of crack everywhere is an outgrowth of crack in Los Angeles.
For example, a survey taken in by Dr. Inciardi of crack users in Miami determined that 28 percent had heard of crack as early as November Number Percent November - December 70 A further weakness in the claim that Ross and Blandon are responsible for the spread of crack nationwide is Ross' inconsistent accounts of his distribution networks across the country. During his interview with the OIG, Ross said he had sold a total of 30 to 50 kilos of cocaine in Tyler and Dallas, Texas, from through ; 10 to 15 kilos of cocaine to dealers from Seattle in ; 10 to 15 kilos to dealers from Louisiana from to ; kilos to dealers in Kansas City in ;.
Louis; 40 to 50 kilos to dealers in Oklahoma from to ; and unknown quantities to dealers in Cincinnati in and Indiana and New York in But during his December trial testimony, he told of having sold cocaine in Cincinnati, Los Angeles, St.
And he denied ever selling cocaine in New York. In any event, even if one takes Ross' most grandiose claims as true, the quantities he has admitted to selling in these cities were not large enough to have created a crack crisis. A study conducted in one of Ross' principal cities of operation, Cincinnati, Ohio, has failed to support claims that Ross was responsible for the onset of crack cocaine there.
On October 2, , in the aftermath of the Mercury News series, the Police Chief of the City of Cincinnati directed the city's Regional Narcotics Unit RNU to conduct an inquiry to determine Ross' relationship to the emergence of the crack cocaine problem in that city.
The study used data collected by the RNU beginning in on the frequency of law enforcement contacts with crack cocaine in the various neighborhoods of Cincinnati to determine Ross' impact upon crack trafficking.
The RNU concluded that, while Ross was a significant cocaine trafficker, many others in Cincinnati were as significant. Its report found that cocaine had principally been obtained from the eastern seaboard cities in New York, New Jersey, and southern Florida, not from Los Angeles.
Furthermore, it found that most of Cincinnati's cocaine supply had been controlled by individuals of South American and Caribbean origin who were distributing cocaine to traffickers who resided in Cincinnati.
The report concluded:. While Ross was responsible for significant cocaine distributions locally, so were a number of other cocaine traffickers arrested that year. These subjects had no linkage to Ross, street gangs, and most had no linkage to Southern California.
During our interview, when we asked Ross if he was the "Johnny Appleseed of Crack," he responded: "It's possible. I played the part, I helped. When asked at his March trial whether he was the biggest cocaine dealer in Los Angeles, Ross responded that he instead was just the most famous.
To be sure, modesty about the scope of one's criminal activity is common among defendants dealing with the government. But the evidence fully supports Ross' concessions in this regard. I mean, the Contras brought in cocaine and they fueled the first crack market in the U. It should be noted that, during Ross' immunized testimony in the "Big Spender" trial in , discussed below, he did not mention Blandon as one of the sources of his drugs.
Ross stated, "I loved Blandon and he was like a father to me. Our analysis focused upon cocaine instead of crack because the Mercury News ' allegations were based upon Blandon's importation of mass quantities of cocaine, not crack.
The Mercury News alleged that Blandon and Ross created the crack crisis by making mass quantities of affordable cocaine available in South Central Los Angeles.
I found evidence that there were recipes floating around on how to do this conversion from powder to crack with baking soda in the late '70s. The problem was, there just wasn't enough cocaine out there to do it with. And it was too expensive.
And what we found was that when you brought in a large quantity of very cheap cocaine, suddenly people that knew how to make crack had the wherewithal to make it. It was the raw material -- these folks supplied the new material for this crack problem. And that was the connection. It wasn't a situation where the CIA invented crack, or the Contras were bringing in crack.
They were just bringing in powder and the drug users on the street had this knowledge of how to do it for a while but didn't have the material to do it with. What do I say? The U. All Rights Reserved. NewsOne Original. Written By ionerlogan Posted August 30, Black Conspiracy Theories , Crack.
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